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Birth injuries are one of the most devastating experiences a family can face. They occur when a newborn suffers physical harm during the birthing process, often due to complications or errors in medical care. In the state of Florida, birth injuries are a serious concern, and understanding the nuances of how and why these injuries occur can be critical for families seeking justice.
Birth injuries refer to any harm sustained by a baby during the labor and delivery process. These injuries can range from mild and temporary conditions to severe, life-altering disabilities. While some birth injuries are unavoidable due to natural complications, others occur because of preventable medical mistakes, often referred to as medical malpractice. These injuries can affect the child’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development and have lasting effects on both the child and their family.
The significance of birth injuries is not just medical but also legal. If a birth injury is a result of negligence or medical errors, families may be entitled to compensation for the harm caused. The financial burden of long-term medical care, therapy, and rehabilitation is immense, and legal action is often the only way to secure the resources necessary to provide for the child’s needs.
In Florida, birth injury cases fall under the broader category of medical malpractice law. The state has specific regulations governing how birth injury claims must be filed and processed. Florida law recognizes the rights of families to seek compensation when medical negligence leads to harm during the birthing process. However, the legal framework in Florida can be complex, involving strict statutes of limitations and specific requirements for proving that medical malpractice occurred.
Birth injury lawsuits in Florida require the plaintiff to establish that the medical professional failed to provide the standard of care that a reasonably competent doctor would have under similar circumstances. This involves gathering medical records, expert testimonies, and detailed evidence to support the claim that negligence directly caused the injury.
Medical malpractice plays a significant role in many birth injury cases. When doctors, nurses, or other healthcare professionals fail to adhere to proper standards of care during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, the results can be catastrophic. Negligence during these critical stages of childbirth can lead to a variety of preventable injuries, many of which can have lifelong consequences for both the child and the family.
Some common examples of medical malpractice in birth injury cases include failing to monitor the baby’s oxygen levels, misusing delivery tools such as forceps or vacuum extractors, and delaying necessary C-sections. These errors can result in injuries such as cerebral palsy, nerve damage, or brain injuries caused by a lack of oxygen (perinatal asphyxia). In Florida, families who believe their child’s birth injury was caused by medical malpractice have the right to pursue legal action to seek justice and financial compensation.
Given the complexities of birth injury cases and the emotional and financial toll they take on families, seeking legal counsel from an experienced attorney is crucial. Birth injury claims require not only a deep understanding of medical practices but also a thorough knowledge of Florida’s specific medical malpractice laws. A skilled birth injury attorney can help families navigate this challenging legal process, ensuring that they have the strongest possible case and the best chance of securing compensation.
An attorney with experience in birth injury cases can gather the necessary medical records, consult with experts, and advocate for the child and family in court. Without the guidance of a qualified lawyer, families may struggle to prove negligence and may miss out on the compensation they are entitled to.
Contact Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa about Your Florida Injury Claim Today
Medical malpractice is a leading cause of preventable birth injuries, and it occurs when healthcare professionals fail to provide the accepted standard of care during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. In many instances, these errors lead to catastrophic outcomes that could have been avoided with proper medical attention. Understanding the specific causes of birth injuries related to malpractice can help families recognize when a birth injury may have been preventable, and it also serves as a foundation for legal claims.
Below are some of the most common causes of birth injuries related to medical malpractice.
One of the most crucial responsibilities of healthcare providers during labor is continuous monitoring of the fetus. This includes tracking the baby’s heart rate and ensuring that they are receiving sufficient oxygen. If fetal monitoring is neglected or improperly conducted, medical staff may fail to detect signs of fetal distress, such as a drop in heart rate, which could indicate that the baby is not getting enough oxygen. A delayed response to these warning signs can result in serious complications, including brain damage caused by perinatal asphyxia.
Inadequate monitoring might involve:
When fetal distress is not addressed in a timely manner, the consequences can be devastating. Immediate action, such as performing a Cesarean section or administering oxygen to the mother, could prevent irreversible damage.
Even when fetal distress is identified, delays in responding can result in severe birth injuries. Medical professionals must act swiftly and correctly when a baby shows signs of distress. Delays in critical moments—such as waiting too long to initiate a C-section or mismanaging a difficult labor—can deprive the baby of oxygen for too long, leading to conditions like cerebral palsy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), or even stillbirth.
Common scenarios of delayed or improper responses to fetal distress include:
Timely intervention is crucial, and any delay can have lifelong consequences for the child, including cognitive impairments, physical disabilities, and developmental delays.
In certain situations, doctors may use tools like forceps or vacuum extractors to assist with difficult deliveries. While these instruments can be life-saving in some cases, their misuse can result in significant birth injuries. When applied with too much force or used improperly, these tools can cause physical trauma to the baby, including fractures, nerve damage, and brain injuries.
Examples of improper tool usage include:
Proper training and adherence to best practices in using delivery tools are essential to minimizing risks to the baby.
Cesarean sections are often performed when natural childbirth presents too many risks to the mother or child. However, failure to perform a C-section promptly can lead to severe complications, particularly in cases of fetal distress. Delaying a necessary C-section—despite clear signs that the baby is in danger—can result in oxygen deprivation, brain damage, and other critical birth injuries.
In many cases, the need for a C-section is apparent well before the birth. Medical professionals may fail to act due to:
Once the decision to perform a C-section is made, it is critical that it is carried out without unnecessary delay to protect the baby’s health and well-being.
Errors in administering medications or anesthesia during labor can also lead to birth injuries. For instance, improper dosage of epidural anesthesia may slow down labor or impair the mother’s ability to push, increasing the likelihood of needing tools like forceps or vacuum extractors. Additionally, incorrect administration of labor-inducing drugs, such as Pitocin, can cause overly strong contractions, leading to fetal distress or uterine rupture.
Common administration errors include:
These types of errors can cause immediate harm during labor and delivery, as well as long-term health issues for the child.
Maternal health plays a critical role in the outcome of a birth, and it is the responsibility of medical professionals to monitor the mother for any conditions that could endanger her or the baby. Conditions like preeclampsia (high blood pressure during pregnancy) or gestational diabetes increase the risk of complications, and failing to properly manage these conditions can lead to severe birth injuries.
Medical negligence related to maternal health risks can occur in several ways:
When maternal health issues are not identified and managed, the baby’s health is directly at risk, often leading to preventable birth injuries.
Proper prenatal care is essential to identify potential risks and ensure both the mother and baby are healthy throughout the pregnancy. Failing to provide adequate prenatal care—whether through missed appointments, failure to run necessary tests, or ignoring warning signs—can lead to complications during labor and delivery. Medical professionals are responsible for conducting routine check-ups and monitoring for conditions that may increase the risk of birth injuries.
Failure to provide adequate prenatal care might include:
Inadequate prenatal care often leaves families unprepared for complications during delivery, increasing the risk of preventable birth injuries.
Birth injuries can range from mild, temporary conditions to severe, permanent disabilities. Below is an expanded list of the types of injuries that can occur as a result of medical malpractice during childbirth.
Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders affecting muscle tone, movement, and posture. It often results from oxygen deprivation during childbirth, leading to permanent damage to the brain areas responsible for controlling motor function. CP can vary from mild to severe and often requires ongoing medical care, including physical therapy, surgery, and assistive devices.
Brachial Plexus Injury (Erb’s Palsy) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that control movement and sensation in the arm and hand. When these nerves are stretched or torn during delivery, the baby may suffer from Erb’s palsy, characterized by weakness or paralysis in the affected arm. Severe cases may require surgery to restore nerve function.
Fractures (Clavicle, Skull, Arm, Leg) Bone fractures are common during difficult deliveries, especially of the clavicle (collarbone) and skull. Clavicle fractures usually heal on their own, but skull fractures can lead to more serious complications like brain damage. Arm and leg fractures can also occur during breech deliveries or if excessive force is applied.
Caput Succedaneum Caput succedaneum is swelling of the baby’s scalp caused by pressure during delivery. It often appears as a soft, swollen area on the baby’s head and usually resolves without treatment, though in severe cases, it may lead to jaundice or other complications.
Cephalohematoma A cephalohematoma occurs when blood pools between the baby’s skull and the periosteum (a membrane covering the skull) during birth. This condition often results from the use of forceps or vacuum extractors and may take weeks or months to resolve. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as anemia or jaundice.
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage This occurs when small blood vessels in the baby’s eyes break during delivery, resulting in redness in the whites of the eyes. While it looks alarming, subconjunctival hemorrhage usually resolves without intervention and does not affect vision.
Perinatal Asphyxia (Oxygen Deprivation) Perinatal asphyxia occurs when a baby does not receive enough oxygen during birth, which can lead to brain damage, seizures, or even death. It is one of the leading causes of severe birth injuries like cerebral palsy and developmental delays. Immediate medical intervention is crucial to minimize the long-term effects.
Intracranial Hemorrhages (Bleeding in the Brain) Intracranial hemorrhages are serious injuries that occur when blood vessels in the brain rupture due to trauma during birth. The four main types of intracranial hemorrhage in newborns are subdural, intraventricular, subarachnoid, and intracerebral hemorrhages. These injuries can result in permanent brain damage, seizures, and developmental delays.
Bruising and Lacerations Injuries such as bruising or lacerations can occur when forceps or vacuum extractors are used during delivery. While most bruising heals quickly, deep lacerations can lead to infections or more serious complications if not treated properly.
Dislocated Shoulders and Joints Shoulder dystocia occurs when a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck during delivery, leading to a potential dislocation or injury to the shoulder joint. This can result in difficulty moving the affected arm and may require physical therapy or surgery to correct.
Subgaleal Hemorrhage A subgaleal hemorrhage is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition where blood accumulates between the baby’s skull and scalp. It can occur when vacuum extractors are used improperly and can lead to shock, severe blood loss, or death if not treated promptly.
Brain Hemorrhages (Subarachnoid, Subdural, Intraventricular) Brain hemorrhages can occur in different areas of the brain, often due to trauma or oxygen deprivation during birth. These hemorrhages can lead to seizures, developmental delays, and permanent brain damage. Intraventricular hemorrhages are particularly common in premature infants.
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) HIE is a type of brain damage that occurs when an infant’s brain does not receive enough oxygen and blood flow. This can happen during prolonged or obstructed labor. HIE can lead to permanent disabilities, including cognitive impairment, motor skill issues, and cerebral palsy.
Seizures Seizures in newborns are often a sign of neurological injury, such as brain damage from oxygen deprivation or trauma during birth. Seizures can range from mild to severe and may require long-term medication and monitoring.
Developmental Delays and Intellectual Disabilities Children who experience birth injuries, particularly those affecting the brain, may exhibit developmental delays as they grow older. These delays can affect motor skills, language, learning, and social interactions. In severe cases, birth injuries may lead to intellectual disabilities that require lifelong care and special education.
Microcephaly Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is significantly smaller than expected, often due to abnormal brain development during pregnancy or injuries sustained during birth. This condition can lead to intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and neurological problems.
Hydrocephalus Hydrocephalus is a condition where cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain, causing increased pressure. This can result from a brain hemorrhage or infection during birth and may require surgery to insert a shunt to drain the excess fluid.
Neonatal Sepsis Neonatal sepsis is a severe bloodstream infection that affects newborns, often as a result of bacteria or viruses transferred during delivery. Sepsis can lead to organ failure, brain damage, and death if not treated quickly. Symptoms include fever, difficulty breathing, and lethargy.
Meningitis Meningitis is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin and is especially dangerous for newborns. Left untreated, meningitis can lead to brain damage, hearing loss, and developmental delays.
Group B Streptococcal Infections (GBS) Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacterial infection that can be passed from mother to baby during birth. If not detected and treated in time, it can lead to life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.
Pneumonia Newborns may develop pneumonia during birth, particularly if they aspirate meconium (the baby’s first stool) or if an infection is passed from the mother. Neonatal pneumonia can be life-threatening, especially in premature babies or those with compromised immune systems.
Facial Paralysis Facial paralysis can occur when pressure is applied to the baby’s facial nerve during delivery, particularly in cases where forceps are used. This condition can cause weakness or inability to move one side of the face and may be temporary or permanent, depending on the severity of the injury.
Spinal Cord Injuries Although rare, spinal cord injuries during birth can lead to paralysis or impaired motor function. These injuries usually occur during difficult or traumatic deliveries, particularly if excessive force is applied to the baby’s neck or back. Depending on the severity of the injury, spinal cord damage can result in partial or total paralysis.
Horner’s Syndrome Horner’s syndrome occurs when the nerves controlling the eyes and face are damaged during delivery, often due to the use of forceps or excessive pulling. It causes drooping eyelids, constricted pupils, and reduced sweating on the affected side of the face. The condition can be permanent if the nerve damage is severe.
Torticollis (Wry Neck) Torticollis is a condition where a newborn’s neck muscles are tight, causing the baby’s head to tilt to one side. This can occur due to improper positioning during delivery or pressure on the neck muscles. Physical therapy is often required to correct the condition.
Skull Deformities (Plagiocephaly and Craniosynostosis) Improper handling during delivery can lead to skull deformities such as plagiocephaly (flattening of the head) or craniosynostosis (premature fusion of skull bones). These conditions may require corrective surgery or helmet therapy to reshape the skull.
The impact of birth injuries extends far beyond the physical damage to the child. Families are often left grappling with the emotional toll of caring for an injured child, the long-term financial burdens associated with medical care and rehabilitation, and the complex legal challenges involved in seeking compensation. These consequences are life-altering, affecting not only the injured child but also their parents and siblings.
In this section, we will explore the various ways birth injuries affect families, focusing on the financial, emotional, and legal implications. Understanding these challenges is critical for families seeking justice and support following a preventable birth injury.
Birth injuries can lead to significant and ongoing financial challenges for families. The costs associated with the medical care, rehabilitation, and special education required for a child with birth injuries are often astronomical. Depending on the severity of the injury, families may face a lifetime of medical expenses that can place an enormous strain on their financial resources.
Some of the most common financial burdens include:
Medical Bills and Rehabilitation Children with birth injuries often require specialized medical treatment, such as surgeries, medication, and therapies, throughout their lives. For example, a child with cerebral palsy or a brain injury may need physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and frequent medical checkups. Additionally, certain conditions may require surgical interventions, such as repairing nerve damage from brachial plexus injuries or managing complications from brain hemorrhages.
Medical expenses can also include:
Specialized Education and Developmental Support Many children with birth injuries experience developmental delays or intellectual disabilities, which can require special education services. These children often need individualized education programs (IEPs), which involve specialized teaching methods and therapy sessions tailored to their needs. Private schools or therapy centers may be necessary if public schools are not equipped to provide the level of care required. This can add to the financial burden, especially if insurance does not cover all costs.
Educational expenses can include:
Long-Term Care Costs For children with severe birth injuries, such as those with cerebral palsy or spinal cord injuries, lifelong care may be required. This could involve hiring a caregiver or placing the child in a long-term care facility. Families may need to modify their homes to accommodate their child’s physical limitations, such as installing wheelchair ramps or accessible bathrooms. These expenses can accumulate over the years, placing a heavy financial strain on families.
Long-term care costs may include:
The emotional toll of caring for a child with birth injuries can be overwhelming. Parents often experience feelings of guilt, grief, anger, and stress, particularly when the injury could have been prevented through proper medical care. The psychological and emotional challenges faced by families dealing with birth injuries are significant and long-lasting.
Parental Guilt and Grief Parents may experience profound guilt, feeling responsible for not preventing the injury or questioning their decisions during the pregnancy and delivery process. These feelings are often exacerbated when medical professionals fail to take accountability for their mistakes. Additionally, the grief of knowing that their child may never have a “normal” life due to the injury can be a source of ongoing emotional pain.
Family Stress and Strain on Relationships The stress of caring for a child with special needs can put immense strain on family relationships, particularly between parents. The demands of coordinating medical appointments, managing therapies, and dealing with insurance companies can be exhausting. Parents may struggle to find time for themselves or their relationship, leading to marital tension or even divorce. Siblings of the injured child may also feel neglected, as much of the parents’ time and energy is devoted to the care of the child with special needs.
Psychological Trauma Parents may experience psychological trauma as a result of the birth injury. Watching their child suffer and knowing that the injury could have been prevented can lead to depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The constant worry about the child’s future, medical complications, and financial stability can also contribute to mental health challenges.
Impact on Siblings Siblings of a child with a birth injury may experience their own emotional difficulties. They may feel overlooked or resentful due to the amount of attention their sibling receives. In some cases, siblings take on caregiving responsibilities at a young age, which can limit their own childhood experiences and affect their emotional well-being. Support groups or family therapy may be necessary to help siblings cope with these changes.
Navigating the legal system after a birth injury can be a complex and challenging process. Families who suspect that medical malpractice contributed to their child’s injury must seek legal counsel to understand their rights and options. Pursuing a birth injury lawsuit involves gathering evidence, securing expert testimonies, and adhering to strict deadlines, making it essential to have an experienced attorney.
The Statute of Limitations in Florida Florida law imposes a statute of limitations on medical malpractice claims, including those involving birth injuries. Typically, the statute of limitations for medical malpractice claims is two years from the date the injury was discovered or should have been discovered. However, the discovery rule allows for the extension of this period in cases where the injury was not immediately apparent. Additionally, there is a hard cap of four years from the date of the incident, regardless of when the injury was discovered. For cases involving children, the statute of limitations may be extended until the child reaches their eighth birthday, depending on the circumstances.
Missing the statute of limitations can prevent families from pursuing legal action, making it critical to consult an attorney as soon as a birth injury is suspected.
Proving Medical Malpractice in Birth Injury Cases In order to win a birth injury lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that the healthcare provider’s negligence caused the injury. This requires showing that the medical professional failed to provide the standard of care that a reasonably competent provider would have offered under similar circumstances. Gathering evidence such as medical records, expert testimony, and witness statements is essential to building a strong case.
The plaintiff must demonstrate:
The Role of Expert Witnesses
In birth injury cases, expert witnesses are often called upon to testify about the standard of care expected from healthcare providers and whether the actions of the defendant deviated from that standard. Medical experts, such as obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric neurologists, are critical in helping the court understand the medical complexities of the case and whether malpractice occurred.
Families who win a birth injury lawsuit may be entitled to various types of compensation, including:
Medical expenses
Reimbursement for past and future medical bills, including surgeries, therapies, and medications
Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa specializes in birth injury cases and understands the emotional and financial challenges that families face. Our legal team is committed to fighting for justice on behalf of families, securing the compensation necessary to cover medical bills, long-term care, and other damages. By working closely with medical experts, Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa helps families build strong cases that hold healthcare providers accountable for their negligence.
Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa has a proven track record of successfully litigating birth injury cases, helping families receive the financial support they need to provide for their child’s future. Whether through settlement negotiations or courtroom litigation, Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa ensures that families have the resources to seek the best possible outcome for their child.
When a birth injury occurs, it can be overwhelming for families to navigate the situation, especially if they suspect that medical malpractice may have been involved. It’s essential to understand the steps that should be taken to protect the rights of the injured child and their family, and to ensure that appropriate action is taken to investigate and address the situation. In Florida, medical malpractice claims are subject to specific legal requirements and deadlines, so acting quickly is critical.
This section provides a guide for families who suspect that their child’s birth injury was caused by medical negligence, outlining the steps they should take to build a strong legal case and secure justice for their child.
Recognizing the signs of potential malpractice during childbirth can be challenging, especially in the midst of a stressful labor and delivery process. However, there are several key indicators that something may have gone wrong due to medical negligence. Some common red flags that may indicate malpractice include:
Unexplained Delays in Performing a Cesarean Section In some cases, doctors may delay performing a Cesarean section despite clear signs of fetal distress or a stalled labor. This delay can result in oxygen deprivation or other complications that cause birth injuries such as cerebral palsy or brain damage. If a C-section was performed late or after multiple attempts at assisted delivery, malpractice could be a factor.
Failure to Monitor Fetal Heart Rate During labor, medical professionals are responsible for continuously monitoring the baby’s heart rate to ensure that they are receiving enough oxygen. If fetal heart rate monitoring is inadequate or inconsistent, signs of fetal distress may be missed, leading to injuries. Unaddressed abnormalities in the baby’s heart rate could point to negligence.
Improper Use of Forceps or Vacuum Extractors If a doctor uses delivery tools like forceps or a vacuum extractor incorrectly or with excessive force, it can result in physical injuries such as skull fractures, brachial plexus injuries, or facial paralysis. If these tools were used during delivery and the baby was injured, it may be worth investigating whether medical malpractice occurred.
Signs of Oxygen Deprivation If your baby exhibits signs of oxygen deprivation, such as a blue or pale complexion, weak muscle tone, or difficulty breathing after birth, it could indicate that there was a failure to respond to fetal distress in a timely manner. These signs may point to a preventable injury caused by improper care during labor or delivery.
One of the most critical steps in any medical malpractice case is gathering and preserving relevant medical records. These records will provide crucial evidence of the care the mother and baby received during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Having access to these documents early on allows your legal team to review the case and identify any potential signs of negligence or medical errors.
What Medical Records to Collect
Make sure to request copies of these records as soon as possible to avoid any risk of tampering or missing documents. If your child was transferred to another hospital or NICU, be sure to request records from both the original hospital and the receiving facility.
If you suspect medical malpractice, obtaining a second medical opinion is crucial to confirming whether your child’s birth injury may have been preventable. Consulting with a different healthcare provider—ideally one who specializes in birth injuries—can help you understand the full scope of your child’s condition and whether it might be linked to improper care during delivery.
A second opinion can provide:
Having this second opinion can be instrumental in building a strong malpractice case, as it may provide medical evidence that supports the claim of negligence.
If you believe your child’s birth injury was caused by medical malpractice, consulting with an experienced birth injury attorney is the next crucial step. A qualified attorney will guide you through the legal process, help gather the necessary evidence, and ensure that your claim is filed within Florida’s statute of limitations. Working with a legal team that specializes in birth injury cases, such as Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa, can significantly improve your chances of securing compensation for your child’s injuries.
What to Expect in an Initial Consultation During your initial consultation with Rafferty Domnick Cunningham & Yaffa, the attorney will:
At this stage, your attorney will begin building your case, which may involve gathering medical records, consulting with medical experts, and conducting a thorough investigation of the healthcare provider’s actions.
Filing a birth injury lawsuit can be a lengthy and complex process, but understanding the general steps involved can help prepare families for what to expect. Once your attorney has gathered sufficient evidence to support your claim, the litigation process will begin.
Key Steps in the Litigation Process
While most birth injury cases are settled out of court, having a skilled attorney who is prepared to go to trial can significantly improve your bargaining power during settlement negotiations.
Families affected by birth injuries have the right to pursue legal action if they believe medical negligence was involved. It’s essential to understand your rights under Florida law and the steps necessary to build a strong case. Medical malpractice claims are governed by specific legal standards, and successfully proving malpractice requires demonstrating several key elements:
Proving Medical Malpractice Requires Showing:
Your attorney will work to gather the necessary evidence, including medical records, expert testimony, and other documentation, to support each of these elements.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2017). Guidelines for Perinatal Care, 8th Edition. American Academy of Pediatrics.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Data and Statistics for Cerebral Palsy.
Mayo Clinic. (2021). Brachial Plexus Injury.
Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE).
MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine). (2020). Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Newborns.
U.S. National Library of Medicine (NIH). (2017). Neonatal Sepsis: Pathophysiology and Management.
Florida Statutes, Section 95.11(4)(b). Statute of Limitations for Medical Malpractice in Florida.
Florida Birth-Related Neurological Injury Compensation Association (NICA). (2023). Understanding NICA and Birth Injury Claims in Florida.
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